Earlier we established that research is both systematic and auditable. Careers. They turn the world into a series of representations, including field notes, interviews, conversations, photographs, recordings, and memos . National Library of Medicine Multiple sources of evidence were collected: semi-structured interviews (n=58), non-participant observations at five sites and documentary sources. Dependability is the standard by which the logic, reasoning, methods, and results are expected to be stable or consistent over time. would have deviated from the established reasoning and methods proposed in the study. Quality and trustworthiness in qualitative research in counseling psychology. Despite the significance of this contribution over the past four decades, the strategies recommended to achieve trustworthiness have not been critically examined. endstream Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). To address these four major dimensions of scientific rigor in the qualitative research paradigm, Lincoln and Guba (1986) proposed a set of qualitative analogs: credibility, transferability, confirmability, and dependability. '>n\|.j.P#ni9v|@;-a? Careers. It consists of a set of interpretive, material practices that makes the world visible. Epub 2011 May 25. In qualitative research, this involves presenting each participant as a distinct individual, often by carefully choosing quotations from interviews that illustrate your study subjects thinking. 2023 Mar 1;18(3):e0282326. They suggested four types of standards be used to ensure trustworthiness: credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Rakhmawati W, Fitri SYR, Sriati A, Hendrawati S. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. Maintain detailed notes about the development of certain concepts and themes. Rather, you should accept the fact that you are a unique individual, with a unique set of perceptions, beliefs, knowledge, and yes, biasesthose biases come from the unique set of experiences that defines you as a person. A major element of the dissertation assistance we offer you serves to help you to present your findings in such a manner. Williams, D. D. (2018). Strategies to ensure the rigour of this research were prolonged engagement and . If prolonged engagement provides scope, persistent observation provides depth " 13 (p. 304). ?87z/^9p0(7a0TnW`xP5+w}hh^ o5,sY9Tu Following is a description of how you might go about doing so in your own qualitative research study. One critical element of reporting findings is that of humility, and part of that humility is admitting that a limitation of the study is that another researcher, using the exact same data, could and probably would have reached different conclusions. Practical examples of how these strategies can be implemented are provided to guide researchers interested in conducting rigorous case study research. . If, however, the researcher can interview multiple students who have had similar experiences, connect this to other datasets (such as instances of bullying in school behavioral referrals), connect this to previous studies or theoretical literature, and find similar results from other researchers in other contexts, then the results will be more credible to a reader. Not all research is or should be qualitative. Transferability is contextual, whereas generalizability is universal (to a population). 2021 May 21;5(1):18-24. doi: 10.1093/jcag/gwab011. Persistent observation is a technique that ensures depth of experience and understanding in addition to the broad scope encouraged through prolonged engagement. ,, bzy8&:|G5 D73jIkb y7j T 4VUT,R['+M,ng!:"Zb lAl*;`U-b -@3AVhnw;}j '0y`1U(H >> Would you like email updates of new search results? In addition to following these standards, rigor must also be effectively communicated to the reader in order to serve its purpose. Triangulation: This refers to the examination of phenomena of interest from multiple angles. Bracketing--practical considerations in Husserlian phenomenological research. FOIA This is crucial to ensuring that your findings are trustworthy and reliable.. For instance, if a female academic is studying gender disparities in higher education, then she might bring to light her own experiences of inequity, memo how her participants' experiences reflect, reinforce, or challenge her own assumptions and experiences, and acknowledge how her thinking on the topic is changing as she progresses through the study. hbbd``b`:$@H@S/#H? C These include prolonged engagement, persistent observation, triangulation, peer debriefing, negative case analysis, and member checking (Lincoln & Guba, 1986). eCollection 2023. Transferability is the standard by which qualitative study results are expected to be able to be transferred or applied to new, novel contexts. Qualitative researchers agree that most claims people make are based on their subjectiveconstructions of reality. For instance, if a researcher wanted to understand the impacts of homework on marginalized students, they might begin by talking to students at school but would likely need to observe them after school or at home as well. The researcher should be as unobtrusive as possible so participants are acting essentially as they would if the researcher were simply another participant in the setting and not also conducting inquiry. J Adv Nurs. Aim: Journal of Developmental Education Evidence-based care: enhancing the rigour of a qualitative study. 2004 Nov;48(4):388-96. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03207.x. If you have ever debated with others about the meanings of, say, a political speech, song lyrics, or even a past conversation, then you understand how different people can bring different meanings to the same text. Persistent observation: This refers to in-depth pursuit of those elements found to be especially salient through prolonged engagement (Lincoln & Guba, 1986, p. 77). To provide examples of a qualitative multiple case study to illustrate the specific strategies that can be used to ensure the credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability of a study. Morrow, S. L. (2005). 0 Shenton, A. K. (2004). More information about his work may be found at http://roycekimmons.com, and you may also dialogue with him on Twitter @roycekimmons. Strategies to ensure the rigour of this research were prolonged engagement and persistent observation, triangulation, peer debriefing, member checking, audit trail, reflexivity, and thick descriptions. RWJF 2008 Others have argued, however, that subjectivity pervades human perception and cognition, and that although surveys yield numerical results that seem reassuringly objective, the conversion of human perception and experience to quantified variables is an inherently subjective process (Patton, 2014). Weaver SH, Steinheiser MM, McNicholas M, Prinzo D, Wertz B. J Infus Nurs. These notes describe the researcher's evolving relationship to what they are observing and what is being learned, and they also describe the researcher's thoughts about how to proceed with the study, sampling decisions, ethical concerns, and so on. Credibility Successive interpretations may also be verified with participants to ensure that you interpreted their intended meanings correctly, or that your analysis stayed true to their experiences and perspectives as expressed. { 27 Furthermore, Leininger 25 (1985) claimed that it is not whether the data are reliable or valid but how the terms reliability and validity are defined. If youre thinking about a qualitative research method for your study, then you will need to understand both the concept of trustworthiness and the associated procedures that should be written into your methods chapter. As Shenton (2004) proposed, steps must be taken to help ensure as far as possible that the works findings are the result of the experiences and ideas of the informants, rather than the characteristics and preferences of the researcher (p. 72). For instance, you want to make sure that your data will be aligned with the questions you ask, and that the questions you ask will be aligned with your study purpose and the study problem you are trying to address with it. However, without a set of procedures for building rigor in qualitative research and analysis, we run the risk of publishing research findings that are really just position pieces on various topics. If the needs call for it and the researcher can justify the application of a qualitative approach, then qualitative methods can be reasonably used. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. /Version /1#2E5 Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Merriam, 1998). %PDF-1.7 % Wolcott, H. F. (1994). The JDE is the official publication of the National Association for Developmental Education (NADE), a separate entity from the NCDE. 6640 Intech Boulevard, #100Indianapolis, IN, 46278,United States, Qualitative Research Director, Dawn McElfresh, achieve trustworthiness in qualitative market research, conducting senior management analysis on the data. of qualitative inquiry. 2006 May;53(5):319-28. In qualitative research, however, the rationale for sample selection follows a different logic than in quantitative research. In other words, your data should speak for itself. 198 0 obj <>stream Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. If you find the prospect of creating scientific rigor a bit intimidating, youre not alone. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. ? hUKo@Ocr]P5"MZX;2Fi}g8(B~"]1&1psC Before %R~?g0o:QWcjJ[r1wo"^Mf$H1:EG"zdu&q#q r`_]iHziwPX: LN>b7YrO$| r>, @N?$C "* BtS P;n2h;F-5`%ols?Qt "N6 \02 E5 endstream endobj 222 0 obj <>stream Rigor or Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research: Perspectives, Strategies, Reconceptualization, and Recommendations. A multiple case study that explored the role of the clinical skills laboratory in preparing students for the real world of practice. Qualitative research plays an important role in understanding consumer attitudes and behaviors, measuring brand perceptions, finessing product development efforts, and achieving other goals as you strive to keep up with shifting demands from customers, new competitors and new technologies. Determining how much time is sufficient depends upon the setting. An official website of the United States government. government site. Not only must the standard trustworthiness of the data collection be high, but the standard of trustworthiness of the interpretation of results must also remain high. Royce Kimmons is an Associate Professor of Instructional Psychology and Technology at Brigham Young University where he studies digital participation divides specifically in the realms of social media, open education, and classroom technology use. Epub 2019 Jul 5. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. These include prolonged engagement, persistent observation, triangulation, peer debriefing, negative case analysis, and member checking (Lincoln & Guba, 1986). Such an audit lends confirmability to your data as well. An official website of the United States government. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. Yet, given sufficient detail, qualitative studies can provide insight into what is happening in new contexts that you, as the researcher, may not be aware of. In all qualitative research, the researcher is responsible for revealing their biases and preferences in reports, field notes, and the audit trail both initially and over time, and as Guba and Lincoln (1989) explain "if the [researcher] 'finds' only what he or she expected to find, initially, or seems to become 'stuck' or 'frozen' on some intermediate construction [interpretation], credibility suffers" (p. 238). Understand the different approaches to establishing quality in qualitative research. You have probably heard of the concepts of reliability and validity in your methods courses, and perhaps you have come across studies that describe the complex process of validating a survey instrument. Triangulation, prolonged engagement with data, persistent observation, negative case analysis, member checks, and referential adequacy are all procedures that can be used to increase the credibility of qualitative studies., The Farnsworth Group demonstrates the measure of truth in research we conduct by conducting senior management analysis on the data collected during the in-depth interviews or focus groups. hbbd``b`$v 9@$"@Zl5HgX@,{+" )FGVf`bdHHQ3@ fC Much of what you read, including elements of this post(!) While the flexible nature of qualitative research should be embraced, strategies to ensure rigour must be in place. 235 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<797782AFA0570B459B4441C93A1A00FB>]/Index[215 36]/Info 214 0 R/Length 95/Prev 170283/Root 216 0 R/Size 251/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream This is not part of the dissertation itself but is an important aspect of qualitative research. The expectation of natural conditionsshould be conducted under the most natural conditions possible. stream Barriers to nurses' therapeutic communication practices in a district hospital in Ghana. Accessibility The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Because qualitative research is specific to a particular context, it is important a "thick description" of the particular research . Norouzadeh R, Abbasinia M, Tayebi Z, Sharifipour E, Koohpaei A, Aghaie B, Asgarpour H. J Patient Exp. 2021 Apr 12;8:23743735211007359. doi: 10.1177/23743735211007359. Team members can help vet themes and subthemes during this phase. Whether findings can be transferred or not is an empirical question, which cannot be answered by the researcher alone, because the reader's context must be compared to the research context to identify similarities. Deciding whether a problem is meaningful or not is a subjective determination, but the researcher can provide evidence and logic to support his or her decision, which will allow the reader to make an informed decision as to whether the study merits attention. This is why sampling strategy is so important in quantitative studies; careful and strategic sampling can ensure that you end up with a sample that truly represents the broader population in which you are interested. endstream endobj 220 0 obj <>stream Many students dont consider the practical aspects of gathering data. Br J Nurs. In such situations, the researcher might find alternative ways to share what they are concluding in understandable ways, perhaps simplifying reports or reading segments to a participant and then relying on oral feedback and reactions. Many of our dissertation consulting clients have shared the feeling of being completely unprepared to take on the challenge of creating a rigorous study for the first time, but weve found that breaking the process down into steps can be very helpful. Thus, readers must be the ones to determine whether the qualitative inquiry is transferable, not the researcher. Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide. Know how quantitative approaches to validity and reliability do not apply to qualitative research. Chenail also discusses how instruments, such as interview question lists, can be subject to researcher bias in the course of their construction and use (for example, a researcher could spend too much time on one question and not enough on another). Here is a brief overview of how you can establish trustworthiness within each phase of the thematic analysis process: The first step is to establish prolonged engagement with the data and triangulate different data collection modes. endstream endobj 185 0 obj <>stream Prolonged Engagement Prolonged engagement is a technique whereby researchers immerse themselves in the site or context She explores her territory with an approach that rests on "prolonged engagement and persistent observation". Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. In addition to the standards discussed above, several other important considerations are suggested in the literature, including meaningfulness, appropriateness, natural conditions, ethical treatment, and audit trails. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). They are synonyms or have the same meaning. I then make recommendations for the appropriate use of the strategies recommended to achieve rigor: prolonged engagement, persistent observation, and thick, rich description; inter-rater reliability, negative case analysis; peer review or debriefing; clarifying researcher bias; member checking; external audits; and triangulation. This functions as a great safeguard against undue imposition of your own perspectives (i.e., researcher bias) on the data.
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